![]() ![]() Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed in section 2 of the DSM-5-TR under the category "other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention". For this reason research in the past decades has inconsistently focused on self-harming behavior without and with suicidal intent (including suicide attempts) with varying definitions leading to inconsistent and unclear results. The older literature has used several different terms. ![]() Self-inflicted wounds is a specific term associated with soldiers to describe non-lethal injuries inflicted in order to obtain early dismissal from combat. Others use the phrase self-soothing as intentionally positive terminology to counter more negative associations. The term self-mutilation is also sometimes used, although this phrase evokes connotations that some find worrisome, inaccurate, or offensive. The most common form of self-harm involves cutting of the skin using a sharp object, e.g. Some sources define self-harm more broadly than self-injury, such as to include drug overdose, eating disorders, and other acts that do not directly lead to visible injuries. The behavior involves deliberate tissue damage that is usually performed without suicidal intent. Self-harm (SH), also referred to as self-injury (SI), self-inflicted violence (SIV), nonsuicidal self injury (NSSI) or self-injurious behavior (SIB), are different terms to ascribe behaviors where demonstrable injury is self-inflicted. Captive animals, such as birds and monkeys, are also known to participate in self-harming behavior. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher in older people who self-harm. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. Self-harm in childhood is relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the 1980s. Self-harm is most common between the ages of 12 and 24. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes or on treating the behavior itself. Self-harm is often associated with a history of trauma, including emotional and sexual abuse. Some use it as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness, or a sense of failure. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis. Studies also provide strong support for a self-punishment function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. People with other mental disorders may also self-harm, including those with depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, mood disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, as may people experiencing gender dysphoria. The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some personality disorders. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides. Īlthough self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. ![]() Likewise, tissue damage from drug abuse or eating disorders is not considered self-harm because it is ordinarily an unintended side-effect but context may be needed as intent for such acts varies. While earlier usage included interfering with wound healing, excessive skin-picking, hair-pulling, and the ingestion of toxins, current usage distinguishes these behaviors from self-harm. Other forms include scratching, hitting, or burning body parts. ![]() The most common form of self-harm is using a sharp object to cut the skin. Other terms such as cutting, self-injury, and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues usually without a suicidal intention. Self-harm is intentional behavior that is considered harmful to oneself. Healed scars on the forearm from prior self-harm Deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-injury (SI), self-poisoning, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), cutting ![]()
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